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: ''Throughout this article, the unqualified term "pound" and the £ symbol refer to the Pound sterling.'' Corporation tax is a corporate tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by companies and on the profits of permanent establishments of non-UK resident companies and associations that trade in the European Union. Prior to the tax's enactment on 1 April 1965, companies and individuals paid the same income tax, with an additional profits tax levied on companies. The Finance Act 1965〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Finance Act 1965 (c. 25), from UK Statute Law Database )〕 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax, which borrowed its basic structure and rules from the income tax system. Since 1997, the UK's Tax Law Rewrite Project〔(Tax Law Rewrite ), Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC). Retrieved 17 April 2007〕 has been modernising the UK's tax legislation, starting with income tax, while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended; the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged. Corporation tax is governed by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (as amended).〔(Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c. 1) ), Office of Public Sector Information, responsible for the operation of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), ISBN 0-10-540188-9〕〔Most income tax rules have been rewritten in the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005, and Income Tax Act 2007.〕 Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to an imputation system in 1973, under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend. The classical system was reintroduced in 1999, with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits. Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three. Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main rate from 28% in 2008-2010, down to a flat rate of 20% as of April 2015.〔 The UK government faced problems with its corporate tax structure, including European Court of Justice judgements that aspects of it are incompatible with EU treaties.〔 Tax avoidance schemes marketed by the financial sector have also proven an irritant, and been countered by complicated anti-avoidance legislation. The complexity of the corporation tax system is a recognised issue. The Labour government, supported by the Opposition parties, carried through wide-scale reform from the Tax Law Rewrite project, resulting in the Corporation Tax Act 2010. The tax has slowly been integrating generally accepted accounting practice, with the corporation tax system in various specific areas based directly on the accounting treatment. Total net Corporation Tax receipts in 2014-15 were £43.0 billion, which is an increase of 7 per cent from £40.3 billion in 2013-14. ==History== Before 1965, companies were subject to income tax on their profits,〔(Corporate Tax (PDF) ), HMRC. Retrieved 9 April 2007〕 at the same rate as was levied on individuals. An imputation system existed, whereby the income tax paid by a company was offset against the income tax liability of a shareholder who received dividends from the company. With the standard rate of income tax in 1949 at 50%, a company making £1,000 in profits would pay £500 in tax. If the company then chose to pay a £100 dividend, the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £200 and had paid £100 in income tax on it – the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid. If, however, the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate (known as "surtax"), he (not the company) would be liable to pay the additional tax. In addition to income tax, companies were also subject to a profits tax,〔 introduced by Labour Chancellor Sir Stafford Cripps, which was deducted from company profits when determining the income tax liability. It was a differential tax, with a higher tax rate on dividends (profits distributed to shareholders) than on profits retained within the company. By penalising the distribution of profits, it was hoped companies would retain profits for investment, which was considered a priority after the Second World War.〔 The tax did not have the desired effect, so the distributed profits tax was increased by 20%〔"(50 years ago )", ''Newark Advertiser''. Retrieved 8 March 2015〕 by the post-war Labour government, in an attempt to coerce companies into retaining more of their profits. At the time of Hugh Gaitskell's 1951 budget, the profits tax was 50% for distributed profits and 10% for undistributed profits. A series of reductions in the profits tax were brought in from 1951 onwards by the new Conservative government. The tax rates fell to 22.5% on distributed profits and 2.5% on undistributed profits by 1957, but the profits tax was no longer income tax-deductible. Derick Heathcoat-Amory's Budget of March 1958 replaced the differential profits tax with a single profits tax measure, applicable to both retained and distributed profits. This gradual decrease, and final abolition, of taxes on capital distributions reflected ideological differences between the Conservative and Labour parties: the Conservative approach was to distribute profits to capital holders for investment elsewhere, while Labour sought to force companies to retain profits for reinvestment in the company in the hope this would benefit the company's workforce. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United Kingdom corporation tax」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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